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Zhuodeforeign exchange/卓德外汇代理/到底是谁在外汇市场中交易?
Foreign exchange market structure
为便于比较,让我们首先看看你很可能非常熟悉的市场:股票市场。下图是股票市场的结构:
在集中交易市场,买方和卖方需要通过证券交易所专营经纪人进行交易
由其性质决定,股票市场具有非常强的垄断性。这里只有一个实体,一个控制价格的证券专营经纪人。所有的交易者必须通过这一经纪人进行交易。有鉴于此,价格能够轻易向着有利于经纪人的一方变动,而非是交易者一方。
这是如何发生的呢?
在股票市场上,经纪人被迫履行其客户的订单。现在,如果股票的卖方突然超过买方的数量,由于经纪人被迫执行订单,则手持大量股票的卖方可能难以将所持股票出售给买方。
为避免这一现象的发生,证券经纪人只需要扩大交易利差或增加交易费用,以避免卖方进入市场。换句话说,经纪人能够操纵其出售的股票价格来满足其需求。
现货外汇市场是分散交易市场
和股票或futures交易市场不同,你不需要进入诸如纽约股票交易所等只有单一报价的集中市场。在外汇市场,某一货币在任何时间都没有单一价格,这意味着报价因不同的货币交易者而异。
外汇市场是如此之大,且交易者之间的竞争是如此激烈,以至于你能够在任何单一时刻获得最佳报价。
同时,外汇市场另一振奋人心的事情是,你能够在任何地方进行Foreign exchange transactions。
外汇市场层级
尽管外汇市场是分散市场,但并非简单或是无序的。外汇市场参与者能够以不同层级的形式组织起来。为更好理解我们的意思,下图是一个简要的说明:
在外汇市场最顶部的是银行间市场。这一市场由全世界最大的银行以及其他一些规模更小银行组成,这一市场中的参与者相互之间直接进行交易,或通过EBSorReuters Dealing 3000-Spot Matching.进行电子交易。
EBS和路透交易3000两大竞争对手的关系,就好比可口可乐和百事可乐。他们为争夺对方的市场份额进行着不间断的“战争”。尽管两大竞争者都提供绝大多数主要货币对报价,但一方提供的货币对流动性可能高于另一方。
EBS和路透是专门针对顶尖银行和专有ECN系统。它们基本上占据国际外汇市场现货交易的近70%市场份额。
yesEBS来说,欧元/USD, USD/Japanese yen, Euro/Japanese yen, Euro/Swiss francs and US dollars/瑞郎更具流动性。同时,对路透平台来说,英镑/USD, EUR/英镑、美元/加元、澳元/美元以及纽元/美元更具流动性。
所有参与到银行间外汇市场的银行都能够见到各自所提供的利率,但这并非意味着任何一方能够在那些价格成交。
和现实生活一样,银行间市场利率主要取决于交易伙伴之间业已建立起来的信用关系。你的信用等级越高,你在银行间市场中的名声越好,那么你就能够获得更优惠的利率以及更大规模的贷款。
外汇市场下一层级是对冲基金、企业、零售市场做市商以及零售ECN交易网络。由于这些机构和银行间市场并无紧密的信用关系,它们不得不和商业银行进行交易。这意味着它们的利率较银行间市场参与者要略高。
随着互联网技术的发展,服务于小型银行、大型投资机构、对冲基金的ECN开始出现,它们各有业务的侧重点。
现在,你已经清楚了外汇市场结构,接下来,让我们一起了解一下外汇市场参与者吧!
Foreign exchange market entities
Now you know the overall structure of the foreign exchange market. Next, let's delve deeper and find out who the people standing on the stairs are? One important thing is to understand the nature of the spot foreign exchange market and know who the real players are.
until20century90At the end of the era, only "big players" could participate in this game. The initial requirement is that only when you have1000Wanzhi1500万美元的资金时,你才能够进行外汇交易。外汇起初是为满足银行家或大型机构的目的所使用的,而非我们这帮“小喽啰”。不过,随着互联网的兴起,在线外汇交易公司现在有能力为我们这些外汇散户们提供交易账户。
Without further ado, the following are the main participants in the foreign exchange market:
1. Super Bank
鉴于外汇现货市场的分散性,决定外汇汇率的要属世界上那些最大型的银行。基于货币的供求关系,这些大型银行“制定”出我们喜欢或憎恶的买入/Selling price difference.
These large banks are collectively referred to as the interbank foreign exchange market. These banks provide large-scale foreign exchange transactions to their customers and themselves every day. Some super banks include UBS, Barclays, Deutsche Bank, and Citibank. You can say that the interbank market is a foreign exchange trading market.
2. 大型商业公司
The purpose of the company entering the foreign exchange trading market is to conduct business. Therefore, Apple must first convert the US dollar into Japanese yen to import electronic devices from Japan. Due to the fact that the scale of foreign exchange transactions by large commercial companies is much smaller than that of interbank market transactions, these types of market participants usually engage in foreign exchange transactions with commercial banks.
Mergers and acquisitions between large companies can also cause fluctuations in the foreign exchange market exchange rate. In international cross-border mergers and acquisitions, large-scale currency exchanges may be involved, which may cause fluctuations in exchange rates.
3. Governments and central banks of various countries
世界各国政府和央行,比如欧洲央行、英国央行以及美联储,也定期参与到外汇市场中。和企业一样,国家层面的政府机构也参与到外汇市场中,其目的在于进行国际贸易结算、管理其外汇储备以及其他操作等。
At the same time, when the central bank adjusts interest rates to combat inflation, this behavior can also lead to fluctuations in the foreign exchange market exchange rate. The central bank can influence the value of currency through interest rate measures. When the central bank intervenes in the foreign exchange market, there may even be significant fluctuations in the foreign exchange market, which may be direct intervention or indirect intervention. Sometimes, central banks believe that their currency prices are overvalued and undervalued, and they will sell them in the foreign exchange market/Buying to change the trend of exchange rates.
4. Speculators
Participating is about making money
This is likely the voice of speculators. Speculators' foreign exchange trading volume accounts for a significant portion of the total foreign exchange trading volume90%These speculators have diverse types and varying scales. Some speculators have full pockets, while others are shy, but their purpose in participating in the foreign exchange market is so similar - to make money.
Don't worry, once you graduate from foreign exchange school, you can become one of the speculators. But if you don't understand the history of foreign exchange, how can you be a foreign exchange speculator?
零售外汇经纪商
在过去,只有大型的投机者以及具有搞资本的投资基金才能够进行货币交易,但是,归功于零售外汇经纪商以及互联网,货币交易对广大个人来说不算是什么难事。
由于进入没有门槛限制,任何人都能够和外汇经纪商签订合同,并开立外汇账户进行外汇交易。经纪商基本上出自两种形式:
1、做市商,这意味着这些机构自身能够设定外汇买卖价格;
2、电子通讯网络(ECN)平台,ECN使用来自银行间市场机构所提供的最优买卖价格。
Market makers
假如你打算到法国去吃蜗牛大餐。为方便你的法国旅行,你首先需要去一家银行或地方外汇兑换窗口兑换一些欧元。作为你交易的对手方,你必须同意将你的本国货币以他们所设定的价格换成欧元。
和所有的商业交易一样,这里也存在一个共同点。即卖卖点差的存在。
比如说,如果银行的欧元/美元买入价是1.2000,而他们的卖出价是1.2002,那么他们的买卖价差就是0.0002。尽管看上去挺小,但是当你每天进行数以百万计的外汇交易,那么这对于做市商来说,就是一笔为数相当可观的利润。
你能够说,做市商是外汇交易市场的基石。零售做市商则主要通过将从外汇批发商那里得到的大型合约再打包成更小的合约出售,以此向市场注入流动性。没有零售做市商,张三或李四等个人将很难进行外汇交易。
ECNplatform
电子通讯网络(ECN)是外汇交易平台的别称,该平台能够在规定的价格自动匹配客户的买卖订单。这些规定的价格来自不同的做市商、银行以及其他一些使用ECN的交易者。无论某一买卖订单在何时生效,它都能在ECN平台找到最佳的买卖价格。
得益于交易者的自我定价能力,ECN经纪商所收取的佣金都普遍非常低廉。较低的利差和佣金水平通常使得交易者在ECN经纪商处进行交易的交易费用更为低廉。
当然,这仍不足以了解外汇市场的全貌。正如我们所说的,交易需要时间,一切都需要大家一步步摸索。
卓德外汇/卓德外汇代理/到底是谁在外汇市场中交易?
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