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量化投资的优势在哪

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  如果说当前是第五次工业革命,那我们正处于人工智能(AI)的大时代。在交通领域,AI的代表作是无人驾驶;在媒体领域,AI的代表作是写稿机器人;在金融领域,AI的代表作则是量化投资。那么,量化投资到底是何方神圣?它打败传统资产管理的利器在哪里?下面给大家介绍量化投资那些事。
  量化投资——恪尽职守,理性化投资践行者
  量化投资,简单说就是利用计算机技术和数学模型去实现投资策略的过程。根据上面的定义,理解它的话,咱们只要记住3Keywords:
  数学模型:需要数学公式或模型进行计算;
  计算机技术:用计算机来进行自动化交易;
  投资策略:将这种方法形成一种惯用投资策略。
  我们都知道,每个人都是相对理性的,投资很容易受到情绪的影响而产生偏差。而由机器人操盘的量化投资,其最大的优势在于:在某些方面可以做到绝对理性化,比如止盈或止损。因为它能克服人性的优柔寡断与贪婪。
  诚然,量化投资在国内还是这几年才兴起的新鲜事,但在国外的发展已经有超过50The history of the year.
  1969In, Edward Thorpe utilized his invention"Scientific Stock Market System"(Actually, it is a stock warrant pricing model)Established the first quantitative investment fund. The fund is named Princeton-Newport Partnership Fund mainly engages in arbitrage of convertible bonds. Surprisingly, the fund has been continuously established11There were no annual losses during the year and continued to outperform the S&P index. Quantitative investment has successfully attracted people's attention!
  经过近半个世纪的发展,截至2016At the end of the year, the total size of global quantitative investment funds has exceeded3Trillion US dollars, which is the proportion of global fund size30%about.
  而在国内,2010The year can be said to be the first year of China's quantitative investment, Shanghai and Shenzhen300stock market indexfuturesThe launchETF及分级基金的迅速发展使得各类量化策略有了用武之地。与此同时,公募、私募基金也都发行了大量的量化策略基金。
  量化投资的策略有哪些?
  根据排排君总结的三个关键词,它的投资策略也基本可在此基础上得以展开。为了方便理解,排排君将量化策略简单分成以下几类:
  1Quantitative hedging
  其实,量化和对冲本身并不是“一家人”,之所以最终能“终成眷属”,是因为二者结合后能获得超额收益的“结晶”。
  举个例子:排排君利用量化方法,选出能够跑赢指数10%And buy the stock. When the market rises20%At that time, Pai Pai Jun's stock rose30%. But Pai Pai Jun has already done hedging operations, namely short selling the index(Short selling stock index futures)So it will be lost in shorting the index20%Benefits of(Short selling means bearish)One increase and one decrease in this way will result in a net profit10%;On the contrary, if the market falls20%The platoon leader will lose10%But due to the previous short selling of the index, the platoon leader will earn money due to short selling20%One decrease and one increase still make a net profit10%。
  是不是很神奇?!This is the charm of quantitative hedging!And this method is also known as market neutral strategy.
  2Multi factor stock selection model
  具体的选股模型非常复杂,但别怕!The principle is very simple.
  多因子选股,就是以多个因子作为参照标准进行选股,这跟咱们找工作、找房子等等是一样一样的,只是它的叫法高大上罢了。
  找工作的话,咱们要考虑它的薪资水平因子、公司发展前景因子、岗位匹配因子等等。找房子的话,要考虑它的交通配套因子、小区卫生、噪音、安全因子等等。所以,选股也是一样。不过,选股的因子很多,专家们就把这些因子分成了四大类:技术类,像价格、交易量、波动率等;Fundamentals, such as value factors, growth factors, corporate debt factors, etc. Research, such as research reports, target prices, profit forecasts, ratings, etc. Other categories, such as institutional holdings, media attention factors, etc.
  正是因为因子太多了,不可能全面考虑,所以,专家们就做了一个模型,根据因子的权重,进行综合加权考虑。
  还记得排排君在《速看!金融小白挑选私募基金的正确姿势都在这里!》文章中提到的夏普比率吗?现在用上了,在这里再来简单复习下:
  夏普比率是衡量私募基金风险的指标之一,比如某只基金的夏普比率是2This means that every fluctuation in the returns of stocks or bonds it invests in1Yuan(Take on the risk of one unit)Will bring to the fund2Yuan(Obtaining corresponding unit income)Benefits.
  而引入多因子的目的,就是为了让收益更加稳健,波动更少。找房子时,考虑的因素越多,或许最终选择的就越好;When looking for a job, a balanced position may be more satisfying for you. If we switch to quantitative investment, the higher the Sharpe ratio, the higher the unit return brought by unit risk. Conversely, the fluctuation of unit return will cause smaller unit risk fluctuations. So, the more factors introduced, the more robust the return and the smoother the return curve.
  我们可以看到图中随着因子数目的增长,它的收益曲线的变化会变得越来越平滑。因子数由30To become120During the process, its Sharpe ratio also increased from0.8become2.2。
  3Quantitative timing
  择时,不仅困扰这个人投资者,也同样令机构投资者很头疼。如果说量化选股解决的是超额收益的问题,那么量化择时解决的则是相对收益的问题。
  而所谓量化择时,则是对各类预测指标的应用,通过分析并得到对市场未来方向的预判。常用的择时方法有:趋势量化择时、市场情绪量化择时等。
  趋势量化择时
  趋势量化择时基本可以认为是趋势投资的延续,若趋势发生逆转则需平仓止损。与趋势投资一样,趋势量化择时具有滞后性,只有市场出现了某种趋势后,才可顺势操作。
  市场情绪量化择时
  市场情绪量化择时就是利用投资者的热情程度来判断大势方向,当投资情绪高涨,大家积极入市时,大盘可能会继续涨;When investors are in low spirits and constantly withdrawing from the market, the market may continue to decline.
  当然,量化择时还有其他的方法,受限于篇幅这里就不再展开。
  量化投资的优势在哪?
  排排君可以总结道以下几点:纪律严明、反应迅速和分散风险。
  1、纪律严明
  市场不会随着人的意志而转移,我们唯一能控制的只有自己。量化投资在既定的计算机程序下,会根据市场行情严格执行投资策略,就像咱们遇到市盈率较低的个股时,可能会立刻买入,也可能会继续等待更低的买点。但量化选股则直接精确到数值,只有触发选股条件才会操作,完美地克服贪婪、恐惧、侥幸心理的人性弱点。
  2、反应迅速
  这更多的是体现在重大事件、黑天鹅等事件驱动策略方面。计算机媒体能处理大量的公告和新闻,实时跟踪市场变化,所以在遇到重大利好或黑天鹅事件时,同样也能够第一时间把握机会或逃脱。
  3、分散风险
  利用计算机大数据,量化投资可以做到比证券分析师更好的历史回测,不断地从历史中挖掘有望在未来重复的历史规律并且加以利用,而历史规律都是较大概率取胜的法宝。另一方面,就回到了选股方面,通过多因子选择一揽子股票,从而捕捉大概率获胜机会。
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